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Samuel Gompers
Samuel Gompers〔His name sometimes appears as "Samuel L. Gompers", but he had no middle name.〕 (January 27, 1850 – December 13, 1924) was an English-born American cigar maker who became a Georgist labor union leader and a key figure in American labor history. Gompers founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL), and served as the organization's president from 1886 to 1894 and from 1895 until his death in 1924. He promoted harmony among the different craft unions that comprised the AFL, trying to minimize jurisdictional battles. He promoted thorough organization and collective bargaining to secure shorter hours and higher wages, the first essential steps, he believed, to emancipating labor. He also encouraged the AFL to take political action to "elect their friends" and "defeat their enemies". During World War I, Gompers and the AFL openly supported the war effort,〔''(Gompers Pledges Labor's Support for WWI )'', History Channel Online, retrieved 21 July 2011〕〔Venzon, Anne C. and Miles, Paul L., ''The United States in the First World War: An Encyclopedia'', Routledge Press, ISBN 0-8153-3353-6, ISBN 978-0-8153-3353-1 (1999), p. 261〕 attempting to avoid strikes and boost morale while raising wage rates and expanding membership.
==Early life==
Samuel Gompers was born on January 27, 1850, in London, into a Jewish family which originally hailed from Amsterdam.〔Samuel Gompers, ''Seventy Years of Life and Labor''. 1925; vol. 1, p. 2.〕 When he was six, Samuel was sent to the Jewish Free School where he received a basic education. His elementary school career was brief, however, as a mere three months after his 10th birthday, Gompers was removed from school and sent to work as an apprentice cigarmaker to help earn money for his impoverished family.〔Gompers, ''Seventy Year of Life and Labor'', vol. 1, p. 6.〕
Gompers was able to continue his studies in night school, however, during which time he learned Hebrew and studied the Talmud, a process which he long later recalled was akin to studying law.〔Gompers, ''Seventy Year of Life and Labor,'' vol. 1, pp. 6-7.〕 While familiar with the ancient Hebrew language, Gompers did not speak it and held a lifelong disdain for Yiddish.〔In his posthumously-published memoirs, Gompers notes, "I was taught Hebrew—not the mongrel language spoken and written by many Jews of the present age." See: Gompers, ''Seventy Years of Life and Labor'', vol. 1, p. 6.〕
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